National Dataset · Updated 2026-04-27 · Refreshes monthly

The State of American Workplace Risk

Every figure on this page is sourced from BLS SOII, BLS CFOI, OEWS, Liberty Mutual's Workplace Safety Index, and NASI. Built and refreshed by The Ergo Report Data Desk. Methodology →

5,283
Fatal work injuries (2023)
↓ 3.7% vs prior year
2,610,070
Nonfatal recordable injuries and illnesses, private industry (2023)
2.4 cases per 100 FTE
1 every 99 min
A worker dies on the job at this interval
Computed from 2023 CFOI counts
$176.5B
Annual cost of serious workplace injuries
Liberty Mutual WSI 2024
1.4
DART rate per 100 FTE workers
Days Away / Restricted / Transfer
9 days
Median time away from work per case
2023 SOII

Where injuries actually happen

Transportation & warehousing (4.5) and health care & social assistance (4.5) tie for the highest TRC rate among major industries - both nearly 2x the all-private baseline. Mining and information sit at the safe end. Finance & insurance is the safest at 0.4.

Total Recordable Cases rate by industry, 2023 (per 100 FTE workers)
All private industry 2.4 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting 5.2 Transportation & Warehousing 4.5 Health Care & Social Assistance 4.5 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation 3.5 Retail Trade 2.9 Manufacturing 2.8 Accommodation & Food Services 2.6 Construction 2.4 Wholesale Trade 2.4 Utilities 1.7 Real Estate, Rental & Leasing 1.6 Admin & Waste Services 1.6 Other Services 1.6 Educational Services 1.5 Mining (incl. Oil & Gas) 1.0 Information 1.0 Professional, Scientific, Technical Services 0.7 Finance & Insurance 0.4

BLS SOII 2023 → · Dashed line is the 2.4 all-private baseline

The sub-industry leaderboard

Zoom past the headline categories and the rate distribution gets dramatic. Skiing facilities clock a 14.7 TRC rate - six times the national baseline. State-government hospitals (8.5) and veterinary services (8.0) outpace any private sub-industry. Animal slaughtering (4.7) and wood product manufacturing (4.6) are the most dangerous goods-producing sub-sectors.

Highest-rate sub-industries, 2023 (TRC per 100 FTE)
Skiing facilities 14.7 Hospitals (state government) 8.5 Veterinary services 8.0 Bowling centers 6.2 Nursing & residential care facilities 5.6 Hospitals (private) 5.1 Animal slaughtering & processing 4.7 Wood product manufacturing 4.6 Couriers & messengers 4.6 Truck transportation 4.5

BLS SOII 2023 →

The deadliest occupations in America

Logging workers face a fatal injury rate of 98.9 per 100,000 - roughly 28 times the all-occupation average of 3.5. But raw rate isn't everything: heavy & tractor-trailer truck drivers post a "moderate" rate of 11.0, yet account for 941 deaths a year, more than any single occupation by sheer headcount.

Top 20 most dangerous occupations (fatal injury rate per 100,000 FTE)
Total fatalities Logging workers 98.9 39 Roofers 51.5 96 Construction trades helpers 43.5 25 Refuse & recyclable material collectors 40.6 41 Aircraft pilots & flight engineers 33.3 60 Driver/sales workers & truck drivers 28.8 1,059 Structural iron & steel workers 28.1 18 Underground mining machine operators 22.5 6 Farmers, ranchers, agricultural managers 21.6 247 First-line supervisors of construction trades 19.7 132 Grounds maintenance workers 17.7 234 Electrical power-line installers & repairers 17.6 21 Crossing guards & flaggers 16.7 23 Police & sheriff's patrol officers 14.6 102 Construction laborers 13.0 230 Maintenance & repair workers, general 11.5 105 Heavy & tractor-trailer truck drivers 11.0 941 Athletes & sports competitors 10.5 8 First-line supervisors of mechanics 9.5 41 Firefighters 6.5 24

BLS CFOI 2022 occupation rates → · Numbers on the right are absolute fatality counts

Where the deaths happen

Transportation & warehousing claimed 1,495 lives in 2023 - the deadliest industry by raw count. Construction was second at 1,075. Together those two sectors account for nearly half of all U.S. workplace fatalities.

Total fatal work injuries by industry sector, 2023
0 411.125 822.25 1,233.375 1,644.5 1,495 Transportation & Warehousing 1,075 Construction 615 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting 444 Manufacturing 423 Government 420 Professional & Business Services 397 Wholesale & Retail Trade 273 Leisure & Hospitality 243 Other Services 184 Education & Health Services 65 Mining, Quarrying, Oil & Gas

BLS CFOI 2023 →

The mechanism of harm

Transportation incidents alone account for 36.8% of all fatal workplace injuries - 1,942 deaths in 2023. Falls, slips and trips (16.4%) and contact with objects or equipment (14.0%) round out the top three. Workplace violence (14.6%) is now the second-largest category, exceeding falls.

How workers die on the job - 2023 fatal injury events
5,283 total Transportation incidents 36.8% · 1,942 Violence & other injuries by persons or animals 14.6% · 770 Falls, slips, trips 16.4% · 865 Contact with objects & equipment 14.0% · 738 Exposure to harmful substances or environments 13.6% · 719 Fires & explosions 1.6% · 84 Other 3.1% · 165

BLS CFOI 2023 →

Interactive: state-by-state risk

Click any state to filter. Toggle between fatal injury rate (per 100k workers) and raw fatality counts. Wyoming's 11.0 rate is 3x the national average. Texas leads on raw counts at 578 deaths.

Click a state to filter. Color shows fatal injury rate (per 100,000 FTE workers, 2023).
ME 2.7 VT 2.1 NH 2.3 WA 2.8 ID 4.0 MT 7.9 ND 9.6 MN 2.3 WI 3.7 MI 3.4 NY 2.9 MA 2.2 AK 7.3 OR 4.3 NV 4.4 WY 11.0 SD 6.6 IA 4.4 IL 3.0 IN 3.7 OH 3.2 PA 3.4 NJ 2.1 CT 2.4 CA 2.6 UT 4.2 CO 3.1 NE 5.3 MO 4.2 KY 6.3 WV 9.2 VA 2.9 MD 2.8 DE 3.0 RI 1.7 AZ 3.6 NM 5.6 KS 4.7 AR 6.0 TN 5.1 NC 3.9 DC 3.4 HI 4.1 OK 5.4 LA 6.5 MS 7.4 AL 4.5 GA 4.1 SC 4.3 TX 4.3 FL 3.4 lowestlowmidhighhighest 1.7 to 11.0

Highest fatal injury rate (top 10)

Most total fatalities (top 10)

BLS CFOI 2023 → · 51 states + DC charted

Who gets hurt

Workplace death is overwhelmingly a male phenomenon - men account for 91.9% of fatalities (4,856 of 5,283). Hispanic workers represent 22.3% of fatalities, disproportionate to their workforce share. Foreign-born workers account for 23.1% (1,219 deaths). Workers 55+ are the largest age group at 35% combined.

Fatal work injuries by gender, 2023
92% 8%
Men 91.9% · 4,856Women 8.1% · 427
Fatal work injuries by race / ethnicity, 2023
59% 22% 14%
White, non-Hispanic 59.0% · 3,092Hispanic or Latino 22.5% · 1,177Black or African American 14.4% · 753Asian 3.1% · 162American Indian/Alaska Native 1.1% · 56
Fatal work injuries by age group, 2023
55-64 1,158 35-44 1,011 25-34 989 45-54 985 65+ 689 Under 25 451

BLS CFOI 2023 →

What workplace injury costs America

Liberty Mutual's 2024 Workplace Safety Index pegs the top 10 causes of disabling injury at $58.6 billion in direct costs - overexertion alone runs $13.6B. NASI tracks $58.7 billion in workers compensation benefits paid in 2022. Including indirect costs (lost productivity, replacement hiring, training, lost morale), the conservative national estimate exceeds $176 billion a year.

Top 10 most expensive causes of disabling injury (USD billions, direct cost)
Overexertion involving outside sources 13.6 Falls on same level 11.3 Falls to lower level 6.0 Struck by object or equipment 5.6 Other exertions or bodily reactions 4.7 Roadway incidents involving motorized vehicles 3.4 Slip or trip without fall 2.7 Struck against object or equipment 2.3 Caught in/compressed by equipment or objects 2.2 Repetitive motions involving micro-tasks 1.8
$58.7B
Workers comp benefits paid (2022)
$31.5B
Of which: medical benefits
142.3M
Workers covered by workers comp
$9.45T
Total covered payroll

Liberty Mutual WSI 2024 → · NASI Workers Comp Report →

The ergonomic injury picture

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) - the umbrella for ergonomic injury - accounted for 247,620 cases in 2023, 26.8% of all injuries severe enough to require days away from work. The median MSD case requires 14 days off, double the 7 days for non-MSD cases. Transportation & warehousing leads with a 36.5 MSD incidence rate.

Industries with highest MSD incidence rate (per 10,000 FTE workers, 2023)
Transportation & Warehousing 36.5 Health Care & Social Assistance 30.7 Agriculture 28.4 Construction 22.1 Manufacturing 21.8

BLS Musculoskeletal Disorders Data 2023 →

Questions journalists ask

The 10 most-asked questions when reporting on workplace risk, answered with current BLS figures.

What is the deadliest job in America in 2023?

Logging workers, with a fatal injury rate of 98.9 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers - roughly 28x the all-occupation rate of 3.5. Roofers (51.5) and construction trades helpers (43.5) follow.

How many workers die on the job in the United States each year?

5,283 fatal work injuries were recorded in 2023, down 3.7% from 5,486 in 2022. That works out to one worker death every 99 minutes.

Are American workplaces getting safer over time?

Slowly, yes. The Total Recordable Cases rate dropped from 2.7 per 100 FTE in 2022 to 2.4 in 2023 - a 11% year-over-year drop and a multi-decade low. Fatal counts dipped 3.7%. But certain occupations (logging, roofing, trucking) remain dramatically more dangerous than average.

Which states have the worst workplace fatality rates?

Wyoming (11.0 per 100k), North Dakota (9.6), West Virginia (9.2), Montana (7.9), and Mississippi (7.4) lead the rankings - driven by oil & gas, mining, and agricultural employment.

What does a workplace injury cost?

Liberty Mutual's 2024 Workplace Safety Index pegs the top 10 most disabling injury causes at $58.6 billion in direct costs annually. NASI reports $58.7 billion in workers compensation benefits paid in 2022. Including indirect costs (lost productivity, hiring, training), total economic burden is estimated at $176 billion+.

What's the most common cause of workplace death?

Transportation incidents account for 36.8% of fatal injuries (1,942 deaths in 2023) - the largest single category. Falls/slips/trips are next at 16.4%, followed by violence (14.6%) and contact with objects (14.0%).

What is a TRC rate and what's a 'safe' number?

TRC stands for Total Recordable Cases - the BLS rate of recordable injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time-equivalent workers per year. The all-private-industry baseline is 2.4. Below 1.0 is considered low risk; above 4.0 is high risk.

Are ergonomic injuries actually a meaningful share of workplace injuries?

Yes. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) accounted for 247,620 cases in 2023, or 26.8% of all injuries requiring days away from work. The median MSD case requires 14 days away, double the 7 days for non-MSD cases.

Who is most at risk: men or women, native-born or foreign-born?

Men account for 91.9% of fatal work injuries (4,856 of 5,283 in 2023). Hispanic/Latino workers represent 22.3% of fatalities - disproportionate to their share of the workforce. Foreign-born workers account for 23.1%.

Where does this data come from and how often is it updated?

All figures are sourced from BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index, and NASI. The Ergo Report Data Desk refreshes this page monthly. 2024 data is released in late 2025.

Methodology & data sources

Every figure on this page is sourced from public government datasets or major published indices. Citation footprint and limitations below.

Sources

  • Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
    Nonfatal injury & illness rates and counts by industry (NAICS), occupation (SOC), demographics, and event/exposure
    https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshsum.htm
  • Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
    Comprehensive count and rate of all fatal work injuries, by state, industry, occupation, demographic group
    https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm
  • Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
    Employment levels and wages by occupation - used to compute risk-adjusted mortality rates
    https://www.bls.gov/oes/
  • Workplace Safety Index - Liberty Mutual Insurance.
    Top 10 causes of disabling workplace injuries by direct cost (workers compensation)
    https://business.libertymutual.com/insights/workplace-safety-index/
  • Workers Compensation Report - National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI).
    State-by-state workers comp benefits, employer costs, covered employment
    https://www.nasi.org/research/workers-compensation/

Known limitations

  • SOII excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees, the self-employed, and federal government workers
  • CFOI counts include all fatal work injuries regardless of business size or jurisdiction
  • Underreporting is documented - independent academic estimates suggest BLS may capture 60-80% of actual recordable injuries
  • Industry rates use 6-digit NAICS where available; some sub-industries are masked when sample sizes are too small for BLS to publish

Citation

The Ergo Report Data Desk. (2026). Workplace Injury & Risk Trends - National Dataset. theergoreport.com/workplace-trends. Sources: BLS SOII, BLS CFOI, Liberty Mutual WSI, NASI.